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A Chinese wedding banquet [Bib ID 7084772]
The National Library houses the most extensive collection of
Chinese pith paintings in Australia. By December 2016 it held 323 pictures,
which were contained in albums, unbound sets on a common theme or as single
pieces. While a few were received many years ago, most are recent acquisitions.
They have been collected to complement and illustrate the Library’s considerable
resources on 19th century China and its interaction with the West. A
few of the Library’s pith paintings featured in its recent exhibition organised
in partnership with the National Library of China, Celestial Empire: Life in
China 1644-1912.
A number of other Australian institutions also house Chinese
pith paintings. They include the State Library of New South Wales, the State
Library of Queensland, Caroline Simpson Library and Research Collection of
Sydney Living Museums, the University of Melbourne Library, the National
Gallery of Victoria, the Australian National Maritime Museum, the Powerhouse
Museum, and the Gold Museum in Ballarat.
In the early 19th century the West was fascinated
by China, but access to the country was severely restricted. From 1757 to 1842
Canton (Guangzhou) on the Pearl River in South China was the only port open to
Western traders. As commerce boomed, more and more foreign merchants and
sailors came to Canton. They were only
permitted to trade there for about six months of the year and all had to
withdraw to the Portuguese settlement of Macau for the rest of the time. The
main products the traders sought were silk [Bib ID 6610509], porcelain [Bib ID 7253707] and in particular tea
[Bib ID 6614119]. Western
demand for tea soared after 1800.
The influx of visitors created a market for small, portable
and inexpensive mementos of China which they could take home for themselves,
their families and friends. Canton-based artists had long been producing art
works designed solely for foreigners. Painted on canvas, European or Chinese
paper, or media such as glass and ivory, only wealthy sea captains and
merchants could afford them.
Something less costly was required for the ordinary visitor.
The Canton artists turned to a local product which was cheap and plentiful, a
small evergreen tree called Tetrapanax papyrifer, known in Chinese as tongcao,
which grew in southern China and on the island of Taiwan. The white pith of
this tree had long been used to make artificial flowers, and for Chinese
medicine.
Concubine, from Court figures in Qing dynasty China and Chinese gods.
Studio of Sunqua [Bib ID 7253403]
Unlike paper which is manufactured from wood or other
fibres, the pith was cut directly from the inner spongy cellular tissue of the
Tetrapanax. The trees were usually harvested when still young, while they
contained a solid core of pith. Harvested branches or stems were cut into short
lengths, which were soaked to make the pith easier to extract. This was
achieved by stripping off the bark or forcing the pith out with a wooden or
metal implement. The pith was then carefully cut into thin sheets ready for
painting.
The oldest known Chinese watercolours painted on pith date
from the mid-1820s. Australians took an early interest in them. On 25 April
1829 the Sydney Gazette was advertising pith paintings for sale under the
heading New China Goods. On 11 October 1884 the Melbourne newspaper, The Argus,
reported on a recent visit to a studio in Canton which produced pith paintings.
The article commented on the watercolours’ “skillful treatment of subject and
brilliancy of colour.”
The small, brightly coloured paintings were not created by a
single artist but by a studio employing a number of artisans, who completed
different parts of the work. These craftsmen painted with gouache, meaning
watercolours with an added white pigment. This was applied thickly onto the
soft, translucent surface of the pith, producing a raised effect. The close
similarity of some of the pictures results from mass-production techniques.
Templates were widely used to provide the outlines of figures, which could then
be coloured. Chinese watercolours on pith have sometimes been called rice paper
paintings in English. This is misleading as they have nothing to do with rice
and the pith is not manufactured like paper.
Emperor, from Court figures in Qing dynasty China [Bib ID 7249993]
Some studios or workshops were directed by established
artists such as Guan Lianchang, commonly called Tingqua (1809-1870+), the
portrait and still life painter [see Bib ID 6094771] and Sunqua, [Bib ID 6614115] known for his oil
paintings of ships and port scenes. Both men were active in Canton between 1830
and 1870. Pith watercolours produced by
their studios are represented in the Library’s collection. Once completed each pith painting was placed
on Chinese or Western paper as backing, the pith edges were bound with Chinese
silk ribbon or coloured paper and the pages were then bound between album covers
most commonly in groups of twelve. Each album usually covered a single subject,
for example costumes, boats or trades.
In 1844 an American visitor to Canton, Osmond Tiffany,
described what was for sale from the workshops. “In every artist’s studio are
to be found the paintings on what is called rice paper [i.e. pith]. This is
very delicate and brittle, and nothing can exceed the splendour of the colours
employed in representing the trades, occupations, life ceremonies, religions, etc.,
of the Chinese, which all appear in perfect truth in these productions… [They]
may be obtained for a very reasonable sum, in boxes or bound up in books. They
cost, for the usual class of excellence, from one to two dollars a dozen… Or
you may order a set comprising the emperor and empress, and the chief mandarins,
and court ladies, in the most significant attire, and finished like miniatures,
for eight dollars.” [Tiffany’s diary quoted in Crossman, pp.200-201].
Red-crowned cranes, from Rice Drawings scrapbook album [Bib ID 7289817]
As Tiffany indicates, the pith paintings dealt with many
aspects of Chinese life which appealed to foreigners. They have been called the
picture postcards of their day. Some of the best depicted the court and
costumes of the Manchu emperors and their senior officials. The Manchus ruled
China as the Qing dynasty from 1644 to 1911. The National Library holds several
beautiful albums showing gorgeously dressed emperors [Bib ID 7249993], empresses [Bib ID 7250049] and high officials [Bib
ID 7250052].
Unlike many of the watercolours whose origins we do not
know, two of these albums came from the studios of the famous artists, Tingqua
[see Bib ID 6094771] and
Sunqua, both mentioned above. Sunqua’s studio label is attached to a volume
showing emperors, empresses and Chinese gods [see Bib ID 6614115]. A two volume set on the
life and costumes of China’s rulers [Bib ID 2508932] is signed by its early
owner, S.W. Steedman. The Rev. Samuel Watson Steedman was an Anglican minister,
who was in Canton in 1849 and was appointed colonial chaplain in Hong Kong in
1852. Later these volumes were presented to the National Library by Gertrude F
(Jean) Williams, a lover of Chinese art, who lived in Japan for many years with
her Australian husband Harold S. Williams, donor to the Library of a major
collection about Japan and the West. A similar group of paintings [Bib ID 1084376] is part of the
Simon Collection on East Asia, acquired by the Library in stages between 1970
and 1982. Professor Walter Simon (1893-1981) wrote extensively on the Chinese,
Manchu and Tibetan languages. Another set of 12 paintings
[Bib ID 6857256] showing an
emperor, empress and senior officials with their wives, which quite unusually
includes titles of rank in Chinese and English printed under each image, has
been signed by an L? Saddler.
Scene from Chinese drama, from Album of Chinese theatrical scenes [Bib
ID 7285733]
It is not only pith paintings about imperial or official
life for which we have details of provenance. An album depicting the various
stages of tea production from preparing the ground for planting tea bushes to
tasting the finished product [Bib ID 6614119] may possibly come from
the studio of the prominent Canton artist Youqua. Active between 1840 and 1870,
he was highly regarded for his port scenes, landscapes and still life
paintings. Youqua had studios in Canton and Hong Kong creating pith paintings.
Sometimes an early owner has inscribed an album, as in the examples from
Steedman and Saddler above. A collection of theatrical scenes showing military
figures from China’s past [Bib ID 6574402]
has been signed J.S. Brown “Frogmore.”
In 2016 the Library acquired a magnificent leather bound
scrapbook album with a title label which reads “Rice Drawings” [Bib ID 7252084]. It is filled with
Chinese pith paintings of birds, flowers, women and boats as well as European
engravings. The Chinese paintings in this album are among the most striking and
beautiful in the collection, and include a lady with a shuttlecock [Bib ID 7290115], red-crowned cranes
[Bib ID 7289817] and a
warship [Bib ID 7290010].
This scrapbook contains the bookplate of the Reverend William Tew, a Protestant
minister in County Kildare, Ireland in the late 18th and early 19th
century. Opposite the bookplate is written neatly the name Hester Tew and the
date January 6, 1840. Hester was probably William Tew’s daughter or niece. Also
in 2016 Dr Anna Gray, former Head of Australian Art at the National Gallery of
Australia, donated a set of pith paintings [Bib ID 7253371] on various forms of
gambling in China.
The Library houses an album of pith paintings devoted to
Chinese ships and boats [Bib ID 6485019].
Canton with its many waterways and islands was a hive of boating activity.
Boats were major forms of transportation, and would have been very familiar to
foreign visitors. Although the execution is naïve and the boats and human
figures out of proportion, the brightly coloured album is historically valuable
in displaying a range of 19th century Chinese watercraft. There is
an ocean-going sailing ship [Bib ID 7250278] distinguished by the
large eyes painted on each side of the bows, and believed to ward off disaster
on the high seas. A dragon boat [Bib ID 7250215], brightly adorned with
flags, drum and gong, would have been involved in racing during the dragon boat
festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The duck boat [Bib ID 7250366] was used to rear and
transport ducks, which were let out to feed along the riverside during the day
and returned to sleep in the boat at night. Many Australians will recall from
their childhoods Margaret Flack’s “The Story about Ping”, the adventures of a
duck from a Chinese duck boat.
In addition to the album containing 12 pictures of boats,
the Library holds the “Rice Drawings” scrapbook described already [Bib ID 7252084] which among other pith
paintings includes four striking images of Chinese vessels. The handwritten
date in this scrapbook, January 6, 1840, strongly suggests that the images are
quite early ones. The boats are depicted in much finer detail and the colouring
is more subtle than in Bib ID 6485019.
The latter is almost certainly from a later period, when the artistic quality
of pith paintings being produced was generally lower than in the early years.
Criminal justice in China was among the most popular
subjects for pith paintings. Foreign visitors were fascinated by a legal system
where the accused was not represented and judicial torture was common. There
was a macabre interest in the harsh interrogation methods used to extract
confessions, such as the finger press, face slapping and suspension by ropes,
as well as punishments ranging from beating with bamboo or being forced to wear
a wooden yoke (cangue) up to execution by strangulation, beheading or for the
most heinous crimes, slicing. The Library currently houses four albums of pith
paintings about criminal justice in 19th century China [Bib ID 2508879; 5514335; 6005086; 6487846].
Many of the pith paintings held by the Library cover aspects
of everyday Chinese economic and social life. Though generally less
sophisticated than the albums on emperors and high officials, they are
historically important in bringing to life street traders [Bib ID 2510774], flower sellers [Bib ID
7251861], musicians and
entertainers [Bib ID 5783555]
, religious figures [Bib ID 5832356],
workers in the silk [Bib ID 6610509]
and tea industries [Bib ID 6614119],
an outdoor barber [Bib ID 7251859]
, a fisherman [Bib ID 7252690],
a wood cutter [Bib ID 6438684]
and numerous other occupations. Social events include a wedding banquet [Bib ID
7084772] and theatrical
performances [Bib ID 6437829].
Warship, from Rice Drawings scrapbook album [Bib ID 7290010]
Pith painting flourished between the 1820s and 1860s. In
1835 there were believed to be some 30 shops selling pictures near the foreign
quarter of Canton. After China’s defeat in the First Opium War (1839-1842) she
was forced to cede Hong Kong to Britain and open up more ports to foreign
trade. Canton, the main centre of pith painting, lost its special position.
Photography reached Hong Kong by 1846 and spread across China. Over time
photographs and picture postcards replaced pith watercolours as the preferred
small mementos of a trip to China. Some painting workshops became photographic
studios. Nevertheless, pith painting continued into the 20th
century. As outlined above, watercolours from the early period are usually of a
higher artistic standard than those from the later years of the 19th
century and the 20th century.
Fragile, delicate pith paintings require careful
preservation. As they age the sheets of pith become brittle. They are easily
damaged by handling and turning the pages of the albums. Providing users with
digital versions of the paintings protects the originals.
In 2015 the Library launched a public appeal to support
preservation, digitisation and enhanced access to its Chinese pith painting
collection. The generous response has
allowed all its watercolours to be digitised and made accessible to scholars
and readers across Australia and internationally. Preservation staff carefully
repaired a number of damaged paintings and albums. The project has also included full
cataloguing of the paintings, with historical and other explanatory details
added. The catalogue records link to digitised images of each picture on Trove.
A printed Annotated Guide: the Chinese Pith Painting Collection Held by the
National Library of Australia has been produced for readers. It contains
information from the catalogue, colour images of all the paintings, a detailed
introduction to the collection, as well as a bibliography listing major English
and Chinese language books and articles on Chinese pith painting. The guide
will be added to the Library’s website. A short explanatory video “Caring for
the Library’s Chinese pith paintings” has been prepared and is now on YouTube
at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v6lIV_CeGI.
There is considerable interest in Chinese pith painting in
Europe and North America, where there are major collections in libraries,
museums and galleries. In the past these watercolours were regarded in China as
only intended for foreigners and not a true part of the Chinese artistic
tradition. That attitude has now changed. Chinese collectors are highly active
in the market, so that prices have increased in recent years. With the
completion of this project the National Library of Australia’s rich holdings
will now also become better known around the world including in China, the
subject of these fascinating works of art.
I would like to thank Alex Philp and Di Ouyang for encouraging
and supporting my involvement in the Library’s Pith Painting Project, and the
Chinese staff, particularly Irina Chou, who catalogued the paintings, as well
as Xiaoli Li, Bing Zheng, Ping Yang, Jie Chen and Daisy Shi.
Andrew Gosling
12 December 2016
References
Cheng, Cunjie, 1966- Shi jiu shi ji Zhongguo wai xiao tong
cao shui cai hua yan jiu / Cheng Cunjie zhu 十九世纪中国外销通草水彩画研究 / 程存洁著 = Chinese export
watercolours on pith in 19th century. Shanghai : Shanghai gu ji chu ban she,
2008.
Clunas, Craig. Chinese export watercolours. [London] :
Victoria and Albert Museum, c1984.
Crossman, Carl L. The decorative arts of the China trade :
paintings, furnishings and exotic curiosities. Woodbridge, Suffolk : Antique
Collectors’ Club, 1991.
Da Ying tu shu guan te cang Zhongguo qing dai wai xiao hua
jing hua 大英圖書館特藏中國清代外銷畫精華= Chinese
export paintings of the Qing Period in the British Library / Andrew Lo, Frances
Wood [et al.].8 vols. Guangzhou : Guangdong People's Publishing House, 2011.
Hasler, Eleanor. Conserving Chinese pith paintings. Royal
Botanic Gardens Kew. 21 October 2015. http://www.kew.org/discover/blogs/library-art-and-archives/conserving-chinese-pith-paintings
Lech, Michael. Brilliant little jewels: Chinese export
watercolours on pith paper. Sydney Living Museums. http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/brilliant-little-jewels
Nesbitt, Mark, Ruth Prosser and Ifan Williams. “Rice-paper
plant - Tetrapanax papyrifer. The gauze of the gods and its products,” in
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 27 (1), 2010, pp.71-92. http://www.kew.org/science/ecbot/papers/nesbitt2010pith.pdf
Williams, Ifan. Brief history of Chinese drawings on pith
paper. Guest & Gray. November 2003. http://www.chinese-porcelain-art.com/articles/ifan-williams-chinese-watercolours/
Williams, Ifan. Guangzhou zhi zuo : Ou Mei cang shi jiu shi ji
Zhongguo tong zhi hua / Yifan .Weiliansi zhu; Cheng Meibao yi bian 广州制作 : 欧美藏十九世纪中国蓪纸画 / 伊凡·威廉斯著 ; 程美宝译编= Created in
Canton : Chinese export watercolours on pith / Ifan Williams ; trans. & ed.
by Ching May Bo. Guangzhou Shi : Ling nan mei shu chu ban she, 2014.
Williams, Ifan. “Views from the west : Chinese pith paper
paintings,” in Arts of Asia, vol. 31(5), September-October 2001, pp. 140-149.
Xi fang ren yan li de Zhongguo qing diao : Yifan Weiliansi
juan zeng shi jiu shi ji Guangzhou wai xiao tong cao zhi shui cai hua 西方人眼裏的中囯情调 : 伊凡・威廉斯捐赠十九世纪广州外销通草纸水彩画= Views from
the west : collection of pith paper watercolours donated by Mr Ifan Williams to
the city of Guangzhou. Beijing : Zhonghua shu ju, 2001.
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